LIBERALISMO, ENHANCEMENT COGNITIVO Y BIODERECHO
Barra lateral del artículo
Publicado:
dic 1, 2021
Palabras clave:
Enhancement cognitivo, liberalismo, bioderecho, daños, democracia
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
En este artículo, se examinarán algunas de las críticas articuladas contra la mejora cognitiva mediante el uso de agentes farmacológicos, así como algunas formas de contrarrestarlos. En la argumentación se supondrá el aparato institucional de una democracia liberal de producción capitalista. Si bien cada uno de estos factores (liberalismo, democracia y capitalismo) admite diferentes interpretaciones, el argumento no se juega en su especificación. Una conclusión importante será que la incertidumbre sobre las consecuencias de la mejora cognitiva en la salud también debe considerarse en la ecuación. Si no hay daño en su uso, no hay razón para restringir el acceso. Pero si causa daño o es probable que lo produzca, esta consideración puede cambiar. Como regla general: cuanto más peligrosa sea la mejora, o cuanto más inciertas sean las consecuencias para la salud, mejor será controlar y restringir el acceso. Sin embargo, si no tiene consecuencias graves para la salud, no habría razón, desde una perspectiva liberal, para restringir su uso.
Detalles del artículo
Sección
Artículos PI Vol. 38
Por medio de esta comunicación certifico que el artículo que estoy presentando para posible publicación en la revista institucional impulsada de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad Santo Tomás seccional Tunja, Principia Iuris, es de mi entera autoría, siendo sus contenidos producto de mi directa contribución intelectual.
Todos los datos y referencias a publicaciones hechas están debidamente identificados con su respectiva nota bibliográfica y en las citas que se destacan como tal.
Por todo lo anterior, declaro que el material presentado se encuentra conforme a la legislación aplicable en materia de propiedad intelectual, y por lo tanto, me hago responsable de cualquier reclamación relacionada a esta.
En caso de que el artículo presentado sea publicado, manifiesto que cedo plenamente a la Universidad Santo Tomás seccional Tunja los derechos de reproducción del mismo y accedo a las modificaciones que de forma se requieran para adaptarse a la estética de la revista. Como contraprestación de la presente cesión, declaro mi conformidad de recibir (2) ejemplares del número de la revista en que aparezca mi artículo.
Citas
Academy of Medical Sciences. Brian science, addiction and drugs. An Academy of
Medical Sciences working group report chaired by Professor Sir Gabriel Horn
FRS FRCP. http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/viewFile/524414fc8746a.pdf
Agar, Nicholas (2010): Humanity´s End. Whay we should reject radical enhancement.
Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press.
Anthony T. Kronman/Richard A. Posner (1979): The Economics of Contract Law. Boston:
little, Brown.
Appel, J. (2008): “When the boss turns pusher: a proposal for employee protections in
the age of cosmetic neurology”, J Med Ethics 34: 616-618
Appiah, Kwame A. (2005): The Ethics of Identity, Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University
Press.
Barry, Brian (2005): Why Social Justice Matters. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bostrom, N. (2003): “Human Genetic Enhancement: A transhumanistic perspective”,
Journal of Value Inquiry 37/4: 493-506
Bostrom, N. / Sandberg, A. (2009): “Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics,
Regulatory Challenges”, Sci Eng Ethics 15: 311-341
Buchanan, A. (1995): “Equal Opportunity and Genetic Intervention”, Social Philosophy
and Policy Foundation: 105-135
Buchanan, A./ Brock, D./ Daniels, N./ Wikler, D. (2000): From Chance to Choice. Genetic
and Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Chatterjee, A. (2004): “Cosmetic neurology –the controversy over enhancing movement,
mentation, and mood”, Neurology 63/6: 968-974
De Jongh, R./ Bolt, I./ Schermer, M./ Olivier, B. (2008): “Botox for the brain:
enhancement of cognition, mood and pre-social behavior and blunting of
unwanted memories” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32, 760–776
DeGrazia D. (2005b). Human Identity and Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press
DeGrazia, David. (2005a): Enhancement technologies and human identity. Journal of
Medicine and Philosophy 30 (3):261 – 283
Dubljević, V. (2012): “Toward a Legitimate Public Policy on Cognitive Enhancement
Drugs” AJOB Neuroscience 3/3: 29-33
Dubljević, V. (2013): “Prohibition or Coffee Shops: Regulation of Amphetamine and
Methylphenidate for Enhancement Use by Healthy Adults”, The American Journal
of Bioethics 13/7: 23-33
Dubljević, V. (2016): “Enhancing with modafinil: Benefiting or harming society?” En
Jotterand/ Dubljević: Cognitive Enhancement. Oxford University Press.
Elster, Jon/ Hyllands, Aanud (eds.) (1986): Foundations of Social Choice Theory.
Cambridge University Press.
Elster, Jon/ Roemer, John (eds.) (1991): Interpersonal Comparisons of Well-Being.
Cambridge University Press.
Engels, Friedrich (1962): Dialektik der Natur. Anteil der Arbeit an der Menschwerdung
des Affen. Karl Marx/ Friedrich Engels - Werke. (Karl) Dietz Verlag, Berlin. Band
20. Berlin/DDR. »Dialektik der Natur«, S. 444-455.
Farah, M./ Illes, J./ Cook-Deegan, R./ Gardner, H./ Kandel, E./ King, P./ Parens,
E./ Sahakian, B./ Wolpe, P. (2004): “Neurocognitive enhancement: what can we
do and what should we do?” Nature Reviews/ Neuroscience 5
Frankfurt, Harry (1988): The importance about what we care about. Cambridge University Press
Gesang, Bernward (2007): Perfektionierung des Menschen. New York, Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter.
Gibbard, A. (1986): “Interpersonal comparisons: preference, good, and the intrinsic
reward of a life”. En: Elster/ Hyllands (eds.) (1986)
Glannon, W. (2008): “Psychopharmacological enhancement” Neuroethics 1: 45-54
Glover, Jonathan (2006): Choosing Children. The ethical dilemmas of genetic
intervention. Oxford University Press.
Gottfredson, L. (1997): “Why G matters: the complexity of everyday life”, Intelligence
24/1:79-132
Gottfredson, L. (2004): “Life, Death, and Intelligence”. Journal of Cognitive Education and
Psychology 4/1: 23-46
Habermas, Jürgen (2001): Die Zukunft der menschlichen Natur. Auf dem Weg zu einer liberalen
Eugenik? Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.
Harris, John (2007): Enhancing Evolution. The Ethical Case for Making Better People.
Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Horton, John: “Toleration, morality and harm“, en Horton, John/Mendus, Susan (eds.)
(1985): Aspects of Toleration (Methuen, London New York, 1985)
Hughes, J. (2004): Citizen Cyborg: Why democratic societies must respond to the redesigned human of
the future. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Husain M., Mehta M. A. (2011). Cognitive enhancement by drugs in health and
disease. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 28–36
Jotterand, Fabrice/ Dubljevic, Veljko (eds.) (2016): Cognitive Enhancement. Ethical and
Policy Implications in International Perspectives. Oxford University Press.
Juengst, E. (1998): “What does enhancement mean?” In: Parens, E. (ed.), Enhancing human
traits: Ethical and social implications. Georgetown university press, Washington.
Kraybill, Donald (1989): The Riddle of Amish Culture, Baltimore, John Hopkins University
Press.
Kraybill, Donald (ed.) (1993): The Amish and the State, Baltimore, John Hopkins University
Press.
Loewe, Daniel (2010a): “”The case against perfection. Ethics in the age of genetic
engineering” de Michael J. Sandel”. Signos Filosóficos, vol. XII, núm. 23, enerojunio, 2010: 207-212
Loewe, Daniel (2010b): “Obligaciones hacia generaciones futuras: el caso Contractual”.
Veritas, Porto Alegre, 55:1: 21-66.
Loewe, Daniel (2011a): “Der Umfang der moralischen Gemeinschaft: Einbezug
nichtmenschlicher Tiere in einen vertragstheoretischen Argumentationsrahmen”.
En: Kovács, L./ Brand, C. (eds.): Forschungspraxis Bioethik. Freiburg, München. Alber
Verlag.
Loewe, Daniel (2011b): “La felicidad y el bienestar subjetivo”. En: Carmen Trueba
Atienza (ed.): La felicidad Perspectivas antiguas, modernas y contemporáneas.
México: Siglo XXI
Loewe, Daniel (2014): “Justicia y memoria: obligaciones de justicia anamnética”. En:
Andrés Stefane y Gonzalo Bustamante (eds.): La Agonía de la convivencia. Ril editores:
87-99.
Loewe, Daniel (2015a): “Justicia contractual y los seres del futuro”, en: Maximiliano
Figueroa (ed.): Liberalismo político. Problemas y desarrollos contemporáneos. Ril editores:
205-245
Loewe, Daniel (2015b): “Liberalismo político, educación y particularismo religioso:
Wisconsin v. Yoder y el valor de la educación” Revista de Estudios Políticos. No.
170, Madrid: 121-154
Loewe, Daniel (2016): “Cognitive Enhancement and the Leveling of the Playing Field:
The Case of Latin America”. En: Jotterand/ Dubljevic (eds.)
Maslen, Hannah; Faulmüller, Nadira; Savulesco, Julian (2014): “Pharmacological cognitive
enhancement –how neuroscientific research coul advance ethical debate”. Font
Syst Neurosci. 2014; 8: 107.
Merkel, R./ Boer, G./ Fegert, J./ Galert, T./ Hartmann, D./ Nuttin, B./ Rosahl, S.
(2007): Intervening in the Brain. Changing Psyche and Society. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
Mill, John S. (2000): On Liberty. Stefan Collini (ed.), Cambridge University Press
Neruda, Pablo: “Poema no20”. En: 20 Poemas de amor y una canción desesperada
Nozick, Robert (1974): Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.
Nozick, Robert (1989): The Examined Life. New York: Simon and Schuster
Parfit, D. (1987): 1987. Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Quante, Michael (2002): Personales Leben und menschlicher Tod. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt
am Main
Ragan/ Bard / Singh (2013): “What should we do about student use of cognitive
enhancers? An analysis of current evidence” Neuropharmacology 64: 588-595
Randall, D./ Shneerson, J./ File, S. (2005): “Cognitive effects of modafinil in students
volunteers may depend on IQ” Pharmachology Biochemistry and Behavior 82/1: 133-139
Rawls, J. (1971): A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J. (2001): Justice as Fairness. Kelly, E. (ed.) Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University
Press.
Raz, Joseph (1988): The Morality of Freedom. Oxford University Press
Repantis, D./ Schlattmann, P./ Laisney, O./ Heuser, I. (2010): “Modafinil and
methylphenidate for neuroanhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic
review” Pharmacological Research 62: 187-206
Salkever, D. (1995): “Updated estimates of earning benefits from reduced exposure of
children to environmental lead”, Environmental Research 70/1: 1-6
Sandel, Michael (2007): The Case against Perfection. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap
Press of Harvard University Press.
Savulescu, J. (2006): “Justice, Fairness, and Enhancement” Annals of the New York Academy
of Sciences 1093: 321-338
Scanlon, Thomas (1991): “The moral basis of interpersonal comparisons”. En: Elster/
Roemer (eds.)
Schermer, M. (2006): “On the argument that enhancement is “cheating”” Journal of
Medical Ethics 34:85-88
Schöne-Seifert, B./ Talbot, D. (eds.) (2009): Enhancement. Die Ethische Debatte. Paderborn:
Mentis
Schöne-Seifert, B./ Talbot, D./ Opolka, U./ Ach, J. (eds.) (2009): Neuro-Enhancement.
Ethik vor neuen Herausforderungen. Paderborn: Mentis
Shapiro, M. (2002): “Does Technological Enhancement of Human Traits Threaten
Human Equality and Democracy?” San Diego Law Review 39: 769-842
Solomon, L./ Noll, R./ Mordkoff, D. (2009): “Cognitive Enhancement in Human
Beings” Gender Medicine 6/2: 338-344
Thaler, Richard H. /Sunstein, Cass R. (2009): Nudge: Improving Decisions about
Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Penguin.
Trnka, J. (2009): “The Ethics of Cognitive Enhancement: Is it wrong to take ‘smart
drugs’?” http://www.academia.edu/2914861/The_Ethics_of_Cognitive_
Enhancement
Whalley, L./ Deary, I. (2001): “Longitudinal cohort study of childhood IQ and survival
up to age 76”, British Medical Journal 322: 819-822
Medical Sciences working group report chaired by Professor Sir Gabriel Horn
FRS FRCP. http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/viewFile/524414fc8746a.pdf
Agar, Nicholas (2010): Humanity´s End. Whay we should reject radical enhancement.
Cambridge Mass.: The MIT Press.
Anthony T. Kronman/Richard A. Posner (1979): The Economics of Contract Law. Boston:
little, Brown.
Appel, J. (2008): “When the boss turns pusher: a proposal for employee protections in
the age of cosmetic neurology”, J Med Ethics 34: 616-618
Appiah, Kwame A. (2005): The Ethics of Identity, Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University
Press.
Barry, Brian (2005): Why Social Justice Matters. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Bostrom, N. (2003): “Human Genetic Enhancement: A transhumanistic perspective”,
Journal of Value Inquiry 37/4: 493-506
Bostrom, N. / Sandberg, A. (2009): “Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics,
Regulatory Challenges”, Sci Eng Ethics 15: 311-341
Buchanan, A. (1995): “Equal Opportunity and Genetic Intervention”, Social Philosophy
and Policy Foundation: 105-135
Buchanan, A./ Brock, D./ Daniels, N./ Wikler, D. (2000): From Chance to Choice. Genetic
and Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Chatterjee, A. (2004): “Cosmetic neurology –the controversy over enhancing movement,
mentation, and mood”, Neurology 63/6: 968-974
De Jongh, R./ Bolt, I./ Schermer, M./ Olivier, B. (2008): “Botox for the brain:
enhancement of cognition, mood and pre-social behavior and blunting of
unwanted memories” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 32, 760–776
DeGrazia D. (2005b). Human Identity and Bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press
DeGrazia, David. (2005a): Enhancement technologies and human identity. Journal of
Medicine and Philosophy 30 (3):261 – 283
Dubljević, V. (2012): “Toward a Legitimate Public Policy on Cognitive Enhancement
Drugs” AJOB Neuroscience 3/3: 29-33
Dubljević, V. (2013): “Prohibition or Coffee Shops: Regulation of Amphetamine and
Methylphenidate for Enhancement Use by Healthy Adults”, The American Journal
of Bioethics 13/7: 23-33
Dubljević, V. (2016): “Enhancing with modafinil: Benefiting or harming society?” En
Jotterand/ Dubljević: Cognitive Enhancement. Oxford University Press.
Elster, Jon/ Hyllands, Aanud (eds.) (1986): Foundations of Social Choice Theory.
Cambridge University Press.
Elster, Jon/ Roemer, John (eds.) (1991): Interpersonal Comparisons of Well-Being.
Cambridge University Press.
Engels, Friedrich (1962): Dialektik der Natur. Anteil der Arbeit an der Menschwerdung
des Affen. Karl Marx/ Friedrich Engels - Werke. (Karl) Dietz Verlag, Berlin. Band
20. Berlin/DDR. »Dialektik der Natur«, S. 444-455.
Farah, M./ Illes, J./ Cook-Deegan, R./ Gardner, H./ Kandel, E./ King, P./ Parens,
E./ Sahakian, B./ Wolpe, P. (2004): “Neurocognitive enhancement: what can we
do and what should we do?” Nature Reviews/ Neuroscience 5
Frankfurt, Harry (1988): The importance about what we care about. Cambridge University Press
Gesang, Bernward (2007): Perfektionierung des Menschen. New York, Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter.
Gibbard, A. (1986): “Interpersonal comparisons: preference, good, and the intrinsic
reward of a life”. En: Elster/ Hyllands (eds.) (1986)
Glannon, W. (2008): “Psychopharmacological enhancement” Neuroethics 1: 45-54
Glover, Jonathan (2006): Choosing Children. The ethical dilemmas of genetic
intervention. Oxford University Press.
Gottfredson, L. (1997): “Why G matters: the complexity of everyday life”, Intelligence
24/1:79-132
Gottfredson, L. (2004): “Life, Death, and Intelligence”. Journal of Cognitive Education and
Psychology 4/1: 23-46
Habermas, Jürgen (2001): Die Zukunft der menschlichen Natur. Auf dem Weg zu einer liberalen
Eugenik? Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main.
Harris, John (2007): Enhancing Evolution. The Ethical Case for Making Better People.
Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Horton, John: “Toleration, morality and harm“, en Horton, John/Mendus, Susan (eds.)
(1985): Aspects of Toleration (Methuen, London New York, 1985)
Hughes, J. (2004): Citizen Cyborg: Why democratic societies must respond to the redesigned human of
the future. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Husain M., Mehta M. A. (2011). Cognitive enhancement by drugs in health and
disease. Trends Cogn. Sci. 15, 28–36
Jotterand, Fabrice/ Dubljevic, Veljko (eds.) (2016): Cognitive Enhancement. Ethical and
Policy Implications in International Perspectives. Oxford University Press.
Juengst, E. (1998): “What does enhancement mean?” In: Parens, E. (ed.), Enhancing human
traits: Ethical and social implications. Georgetown university press, Washington.
Kraybill, Donald (1989): The Riddle of Amish Culture, Baltimore, John Hopkins University
Press.
Kraybill, Donald (ed.) (1993): The Amish and the State, Baltimore, John Hopkins University
Press.
Loewe, Daniel (2010a): “”The case against perfection. Ethics in the age of genetic
engineering” de Michael J. Sandel”. Signos Filosóficos, vol. XII, núm. 23, enerojunio, 2010: 207-212
Loewe, Daniel (2010b): “Obligaciones hacia generaciones futuras: el caso Contractual”.
Veritas, Porto Alegre, 55:1: 21-66.
Loewe, Daniel (2011a): “Der Umfang der moralischen Gemeinschaft: Einbezug
nichtmenschlicher Tiere in einen vertragstheoretischen Argumentationsrahmen”.
En: Kovács, L./ Brand, C. (eds.): Forschungspraxis Bioethik. Freiburg, München. Alber
Verlag.
Loewe, Daniel (2011b): “La felicidad y el bienestar subjetivo”. En: Carmen Trueba
Atienza (ed.): La felicidad Perspectivas antiguas, modernas y contemporáneas.
México: Siglo XXI
Loewe, Daniel (2014): “Justicia y memoria: obligaciones de justicia anamnética”. En:
Andrés Stefane y Gonzalo Bustamante (eds.): La Agonía de la convivencia. Ril editores:
87-99.
Loewe, Daniel (2015a): “Justicia contractual y los seres del futuro”, en: Maximiliano
Figueroa (ed.): Liberalismo político. Problemas y desarrollos contemporáneos. Ril editores:
205-245
Loewe, Daniel (2015b): “Liberalismo político, educación y particularismo religioso:
Wisconsin v. Yoder y el valor de la educación” Revista de Estudios Políticos. No.
170, Madrid: 121-154
Loewe, Daniel (2016): “Cognitive Enhancement and the Leveling of the Playing Field:
The Case of Latin America”. En: Jotterand/ Dubljevic (eds.)
Maslen, Hannah; Faulmüller, Nadira; Savulesco, Julian (2014): “Pharmacological cognitive
enhancement –how neuroscientific research coul advance ethical debate”. Font
Syst Neurosci. 2014; 8: 107.
Merkel, R./ Boer, G./ Fegert, J./ Galert, T./ Hartmann, D./ Nuttin, B./ Rosahl, S.
(2007): Intervening in the Brain. Changing Psyche and Society. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer
Mill, John S. (2000): On Liberty. Stefan Collini (ed.), Cambridge University Press
Neruda, Pablo: “Poema no20”. En: 20 Poemas de amor y una canción desesperada
Nozick, Robert (1974): Anarchy, State and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.
Nozick, Robert (1989): The Examined Life. New York: Simon and Schuster
Parfit, D. (1987): 1987. Reasons and Persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Quante, Michael (2002): Personales Leben und menschlicher Tod. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt
am Main
Ragan/ Bard / Singh (2013): “What should we do about student use of cognitive
enhancers? An analysis of current evidence” Neuropharmacology 64: 588-595
Randall, D./ Shneerson, J./ File, S. (2005): “Cognitive effects of modafinil in students
volunteers may depend on IQ” Pharmachology Biochemistry and Behavior 82/1: 133-139
Rawls, J. (1971): A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J. (2001): Justice as Fairness. Kelly, E. (ed.) Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University
Press.
Raz, Joseph (1988): The Morality of Freedom. Oxford University Press
Repantis, D./ Schlattmann, P./ Laisney, O./ Heuser, I. (2010): “Modafinil and
methylphenidate for neuroanhancement in healthy individuals: A systematic
review” Pharmacological Research 62: 187-206
Salkever, D. (1995): “Updated estimates of earning benefits from reduced exposure of
children to environmental lead”, Environmental Research 70/1: 1-6
Sandel, Michael (2007): The Case against Perfection. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap
Press of Harvard University Press.
Savulescu, J. (2006): “Justice, Fairness, and Enhancement” Annals of the New York Academy
of Sciences 1093: 321-338
Scanlon, Thomas (1991): “The moral basis of interpersonal comparisons”. En: Elster/
Roemer (eds.)
Schermer, M. (2006): “On the argument that enhancement is “cheating”” Journal of
Medical Ethics 34:85-88
Schöne-Seifert, B./ Talbot, D. (eds.) (2009): Enhancement. Die Ethische Debatte. Paderborn:
Mentis
Schöne-Seifert, B./ Talbot, D./ Opolka, U./ Ach, J. (eds.) (2009): Neuro-Enhancement.
Ethik vor neuen Herausforderungen. Paderborn: Mentis
Shapiro, M. (2002): “Does Technological Enhancement of Human Traits Threaten
Human Equality and Democracy?” San Diego Law Review 39: 769-842
Solomon, L./ Noll, R./ Mordkoff, D. (2009): “Cognitive Enhancement in Human
Beings” Gender Medicine 6/2: 338-344
Thaler, Richard H. /Sunstein, Cass R. (2009): Nudge: Improving Decisions about
Health, Wealth, and Happiness. Penguin.
Trnka, J. (2009): “The Ethics of Cognitive Enhancement: Is it wrong to take ‘smart
drugs’?” http://www.academia.edu/2914861/The_Ethics_of_Cognitive_
Enhancement
Whalley, L./ Deary, I. (2001): “Longitudinal cohort study of childhood IQ and survival
up to age 76”, British Medical Journal 322: 819-822