Efficiency evaluation of electrocoagulation processes for the treatment of phenol-polluted water
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Published:
Jun 3, 2022
Keywords:
electrocoagulation, phenolic compounds, pollutant removal efficiency
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Abstract
Abstract— Electrocoagulation is a technology widely used in wastewater treatment to remove several pollutants like grease, metals, and organic molecules. This paper presents the result of exhaustive studies of electrocoagulation techniques applied to phenols removal, studying different control parameters such as pH, initial concentration of contaminants, electric current density, electrode types to establish their influence in the process efficiency. The different tests developed show phenol removals between 45,7% and 100% under optimum operating conditions. As a conclusion, the electric current density, the pH, the phenol concentration, the treatment time, the agitation, the material of the electrodes and the distance between them are parameters which affect directly the water treatment through electrocoagulation, nevertheless, the electric current density is the most determinant parameter in the system efficiency.
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Ortiz, M., Niño, A., & Forero, G. (2022). Efficiency evaluation of electrocoagulation processes for the treatment of phenol-polluted water. Ingenio Magno, 12(2), 71-84. Retrieved from http://revistas.ustatunja.edu.co/index.php/ingeniomagno/article/view/2427
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Articulos
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With this document, I/We certify that the article submitted for possible publication in the institutional journal INGENIO MAGNO of the Research Center Alberto Magno CIIAM of the University Santo Tomás, Tunja campus, is entirely of my(our) own writing, and is a product of my(our) direct intellectual contribution to knowledge.
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References
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Gilpavas, E. (2012). Aplicación de la electroquímica en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Revistas académicas. Universidad EAFIT. Recuperado de https://publicaciones.eafit.edu.co/index.php/cuadernos-investigacion/article/view/1279
Graça, S., Ribeiro, A. y Rodrigues. A. (2019). Modeling the Electrocoagulation Process for the Treatment of Contaminated Water. Chemical Engineering Science, 197:379-85. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.12.038.
Morales, N., y Acosta, G. (2010). Sistema de electrocoagulación como tratamiento de aguas residuales galvánicas. Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina, 20(1):33. doi: 10.18359/rcin.282.
Azerrad, S., Mor, I. y Dosoretz, G. (2019). Integrated Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Brines Coupling Electrocoagulation with Advanced Oxidation Processes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 356:771-80. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.068.
Bener, S., Özlem, B., Gülen, T., Süheyda, A., y Gülin, E. (2019). Electrocoagulation Process for the Treatment of Real Textile Wastewater: Effect of Operative Conditions on the Organic Carbon Removal and Kinetic Study. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 129:47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2019.06.010.
Holt, P., Barton, G. y Mitchell, C. (2005). The Future for Electrocoagulation as a Localised Water Treatment Technology. Chemosphere, 59(3):355-67. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.023.
Dura, A. y Carmel, B. (2019). The Removal of Phosphates Using Electrocoagulation with Al−Mg Anodes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 846:113161. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.05.043.
Kumar, A., Nidheesh, P. y Kumar, M. (2018). Composite Wastewater Treatment by Aerated Electrocoagulation and Modified Peroxi-Coagulation Processes. Chemosphere, 205:587-593. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.141.
Elnenay, A., Eldin, M., Nassef, E., Farou, G., y Abdel, M. (2017). Treatment of Drilling Fluids Wastewater by Electrocoagulation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 26(1):203-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.03.005.
Nawarkar, C., y Salkar, V. (2019). Solar powered Electrocoagulation system for municipal wastewater treatment. Fuel, 237:222-26. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.140.
Aguilar, E. (2015). Evaluación de la eficiencia de una celda de electrocoagulación a escala laboratorio para el tratamiento de agua. Revista del Instituto de Investigación de la Facultad de Ingeniería geológica, minera, metalurgia y geográfica. 18(35): 69-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.15381/iigeo.v18i35.11843
Deveci, U., Ceyhun, A., Çağdaş, G., y Yasin, O. (2019). Enhancing Treatability of Tannery Wastewater by Integrated Process of Electrocoagulation and Fungal via Using RSM in an Economic Perspective. Process Biochemistry 84:124-33. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.016.
Hashim, S., Shaw, A., Khaddar, R., Pedrola, M. y Phipps, D. (2017). Energy Efficient Electrocoagulation Using a New Flow Column Reactor to Remove Nitrate from Drinking Water – Experimental, Statistical, and Economic Approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 196:224-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.017.
López, M., Alarcón M., Irigoyen, J., Torres, L. y Reynoso, L. (2019). Simultaneous Removal of Fluoride and Arsenic from Well Water by Electrocoagulation. Science of The Total Environment, 678:181-87. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.400.
Papadopoulos, K., Rafahlia, A., Economou, C., Charalampous, N., Dailianis, S., Tatoulis, T., Tekerlekopoulou, A. y Vayenas, D. (2019). Treatment of printing ink wastewater using electrocoagulation. Journal of Environmental Management 237:442-48.
Pérez, S., Morales, J., Félix, R. y Hernández, O. (2011). Evaluation of the electro-coagulation process for the removal of turbidity of river water, wastewater and pond water. 1(10):79-91. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S166527382011000100009yscript=sci_abstractytlng=en
Ozay, Y., Ünşar, E., Fatih, Z., Dizge, N., Altınay N., Ali, M. y Yalvac, M. (2018). Optimization of Electrocoagulation Process and Combination of Anaerobic Digestion for the Treatment of Pistachio Processing Wastewater. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196:42-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.242.
Emamjomeh, M., y Muttucumaru. S. (2009). Denitrification Using a Monopolar Electrocoagulation/Flotation (ECF) Process. Journal of Environmental Management. 91(2):516-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.020.
Lee, S. y Graham A. (2014). Review of the Factors Relevant to the Design and Operation of an Electrocoagulation System for Wastewater Treatment. Environmental Reviews, 22(4):421-30.
Barrera, C., Hernández, P. y Bilyeu, B. (2018). Electrocoagulation: Fundamentals and Prospectives. Electrochemical Water and Wastewater Treatment. 61-76
Hernández, E. (2015). Remoción de Compuestos Fenólicos de Aguas Residuales de La Refinación Del Petróleo Mediante Electrocoagulación, Fenton y Foto-Fenton.s. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Maestría en ciencias con orientación en química analítica ambiental.
International programme on chemical safety phenol. (2020) Recuperado de http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc161.htm.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. 2003 Phenol (EHC 161, 1994). Recuperado de http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc161.htm.
Ministerio de Ambiente. (2003). Fenol. Recuperado de http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/018903/Links/Guia14.pdf
Ingrassia, V. (2015). ¿Qué efectos tiene el cianuro en el cuerpo humano? - LA NACION. Recuperado de https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/que-efectos-tiene-el-cianuro-en-el-cuerpo-humano-nid1828468/
Fajardo, A., Rodrigues, R., Martins, R., Castro, L. y Quinta, R. (2015). Phenolic Wastewaters Treatment by Electrocoagulation Process Using Zn Anode. Chemical Engineering Journal 275:331-41. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.03.116.
Bazrafshan, E., H. Biglari, y Mahvi, A. (2012). PHENOL REMOVAL BY ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 21(2):364-71.
Hernández, F., Peral, E. y Blanco, L. (2017). Removal of Phenolic Compounds from Oil Refinery Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Fenton/Photo-Fenton Processes. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 19:96-100. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.07.010.
Ogando, F., Iwagaki, B., Aguiar, C., Napolitano, J., Heredia, F., y Hernanz, D. (2019). Removal of Phenolic, Turbidity and Color in Sugarcane Juice by Electrocoagulation as a Sulfur-Free Process. Food Research International, 122:643-52. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.039.
Zazouli, M. y Taghavi, M. (2012). Phenol Removal From Aqueous Solutions by Electrocoagulation Technology Using Iron Electrodes: Effect of Some Variables. doi: 10.13140/2.1.1837.6967
Zazouli, M., Taghavi, M. y Bazrafshan, E. (2012). Influences of Solution Chemistry on Phenol Removal From Aqueous Environments by Electrocoagulation Process Using Aluminum Electrodes | Health Scope | Full Text. doi: 10.5812/jhs.5462
Paz, O. (2013). Efectividad de Un Sistema Acoplado Electrocoagulación/Floculación Biológico Para Tratamiento de Fenoles Presentes En Vinazas Recuperado de https://1library.co/document/z1ddg8ez-efectividad-acoplado-electrocoagulacion-floculacion-biologico-tratamiento-presentes-electronico.html
Ashtoukhy, E., Taweel, Abdelwahab, O., Nassef, E. (2013). Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater Containing Phenolic Compounds by Electrocoagulation Using a Fixed Bed Electrochemical Reactor. Electrochem. 8:17.
Kulkarni, J., y Kaware. P. (2013). Review on Research for Removal of Phenol from Wastewater. 3(4):5.
Vasudevan, S. (2014). An Efficient Removal of Phenol from Water by Peroxi-Electrocoagulation Processes. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2:53-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.05.002.
Moussa, D., Muftah, H., Nasser, M. y Al, M. (2017). A Comprehensive Review of Electrocoagulation for Water Treatment: Potentials and Challenges. Journal of Environmental Management, 186:24-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.032.
Chen, G. (2004). Electrochemical Technologies in Wastewater Treatment. Separation and Purification Technology. 38(1):11-41. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2003.10.006.
Kobya, Mehmet, Prof. Erhan Demirbas, Mahmut Bayramoğlu, y M. Sensoy. (2011). Optimization of Electrocoagulation Process for the Treatment of Metal Cutting Wastewaters with Response Surface Methodology. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 215:399-410. doi: 10.1007/s11270-010-0486-x.
Dimoglo, A., Sevim, P., Dinç, O., Gökmen, K. y Erdoğan, H. (2019). Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation as a Combined Process for the Laundry Wastewater Purification and Reuse. Journal of Water Process Engineering 31:100877. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100877.
Peña, F. (2016). ELECTROCOAGULACIÓN DE SELENIO DESDE AGUAS RESIDUALES. Recuperado de https://repositorio.usm.cl/bitstream/handle/11673/23220/3560900232327UTFSM.pdf?sequence=1yisAllowed=y
Lu, J., Yan L., Mengxua, Y., Xiaoyun, M., y Shengling, L. (2015). Removing Heavy Metal Ions with Continuous Aluminum Electrocoagulation: A Study on Back Mixing and Utilization Rate of Electro-Generated Al Ions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 267:86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.01.011.
Lakshmi, J., Sozhan, G. y Vasudevan, S. (2013). Recovery of Hydrogen and Removal of Nitrate from Water by Electrocoagulation Process. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(4):2184-92. doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1028-4.
Devlin, R., Kowalski, M. Pagaduan, E., Zhang, X., Wei, V. y Jan A. Oleszkiewicz. (2019). Electrocoagulation of Wastewater Using Aluminum, Iron, and Magnesium Electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials 368:862-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.017.
Pearse, M. (2003). Historical Use and Future Development of Chemicals for Solid–Liquid Separation in the Mineral Processing Industry. Minerals Engineering, 16(2):103-8. doi: 10.1016/S0892-6875(02)00288-1.
Malakootian, M., Yousefi, N. y Fatehizadeh. A. (2011). Survey Efficiency of Electrocoagulation on Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Science y Technology, 8(1):107-14. doi: 10.1007/BF03326200.
Tabash, T. (2013). Nitrate removal from groundwater using continuous flow electrocoagulation reactor. (Tesis de maestría). Master of Science in Infrastructure Management-Civil Engineering.
Yavuz, Y. y Ögütveren, U. (2018). Treatment of Industrial Estate Wastewater by the Application of Electrocoagulation Process Using Iron Electrodes. Journal of Environmental Management, 207:151-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.034.
Zerbatto, M. (2013). Coagulación optimizada en el tratamiento de potabilización de agua: su efecto sobre la remoción de enteroparásitosCampoy, T.J. y Pantoja, A. (2005). Hacia una expresión de diferentes culturas en el aula: percepciones sobre la educación multicultural. Revista de Educación, 336, 415 – 136.
Hakizimana, N., Gourich, B., Chafi, M., Stiriba, Y., Vial, C., Drogui, P. y Naja, J. (2017). Electrocoagulation Process in Water Treatment: A Review of Electrocoagulation Modeling Approaches. Desalination, 404:1-21. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2016.10.011.
Gilpavas, E. (2012). Aplicación de la electroquímica en el tratamiento de aguas residuales. Revistas académicas. Universidad EAFIT. Recuperado de https://publicaciones.eafit.edu.co/index.php/cuadernos-investigacion/article/view/1279
Graça, S., Ribeiro, A. y Rodrigues. A. (2019). Modeling the Electrocoagulation Process for the Treatment of Contaminated Water. Chemical Engineering Science, 197:379-85. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.12.038.
Morales, N., y Acosta, G. (2010). Sistema de electrocoagulación como tratamiento de aguas residuales galvánicas. Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina, 20(1):33. doi: 10.18359/rcin.282.
Azerrad, S., Mor, I. y Dosoretz, G. (2019). Integrated Treatment of Reverse Osmosis Brines Coupling Electrocoagulation with Advanced Oxidation Processes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 356:771-80. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2018.09.068.
Bener, S., Özlem, B., Gülen, T., Süheyda, A., y Gülin, E. (2019). Electrocoagulation Process for the Treatment of Real Textile Wastewater: Effect of Operative Conditions on the Organic Carbon Removal and Kinetic Study. Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 129:47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2019.06.010.
Holt, P., Barton, G. y Mitchell, C. (2005). The Future for Electrocoagulation as a Localised Water Treatment Technology. Chemosphere, 59(3):355-67. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.023.
Dura, A. y Carmel, B. (2019). The Removal of Phosphates Using Electrocoagulation with Al−Mg Anodes. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 846:113161. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.05.043.
Kumar, A., Nidheesh, P. y Kumar, M. (2018). Composite Wastewater Treatment by Aerated Electrocoagulation and Modified Peroxi-Coagulation Processes. Chemosphere, 205:587-593. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.141.
Elnenay, A., Eldin, M., Nassef, E., Farou, G., y Abdel, M. (2017). Treatment of Drilling Fluids Wastewater by Electrocoagulation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum 26(1):203-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.03.005.
Nawarkar, C., y Salkar, V. (2019). Solar powered Electrocoagulation system for municipal wastewater treatment. Fuel, 237:222-26. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.140.
Aguilar, E. (2015). Evaluación de la eficiencia de una celda de electrocoagulación a escala laboratorio para el tratamiento de agua. Revista del Instituto de Investigación de la Facultad de Ingeniería geológica, minera, metalurgia y geográfica. 18(35): 69-75. doi: https://doi.org/10.15381/iigeo.v18i35.11843
Deveci, U., Ceyhun, A., Çağdaş, G., y Yasin, O. (2019). Enhancing Treatability of Tannery Wastewater by Integrated Process of Electrocoagulation and Fungal via Using RSM in an Economic Perspective. Process Biochemistry 84:124-33. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.016.
Hashim, S., Shaw, A., Khaddar, R., Pedrola, M. y Phipps, D. (2017). Energy Efficient Electrocoagulation Using a New Flow Column Reactor to Remove Nitrate from Drinking Water – Experimental, Statistical, and Economic Approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 196:224-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.03.017.
López, M., Alarcón M., Irigoyen, J., Torres, L. y Reynoso, L. (2019). Simultaneous Removal of Fluoride and Arsenic from Well Water by Electrocoagulation. Science of The Total Environment, 678:181-87. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.400.
Papadopoulos, K., Rafahlia, A., Economou, C., Charalampous, N., Dailianis, S., Tatoulis, T., Tekerlekopoulou, A. y Vayenas, D. (2019). Treatment of printing ink wastewater using electrocoagulation. Journal of Environmental Management 237:442-48.
Pérez, S., Morales, J., Félix, R. y Hernández, O. (2011). Evaluation of the electro-coagulation process for the removal of turbidity of river water, wastewater and pond water. 1(10):79-91. Recuperado de http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?pid=S166527382011000100009yscript=sci_abstractytlng=en
Ozay, Y., Ünşar, E., Fatih, Z., Dizge, N., Altınay N., Ali, M. y Yalvac, M. (2018). Optimization of Electrocoagulation Process and Combination of Anaerobic Digestion for the Treatment of Pistachio Processing Wastewater. Journal of Cleaner Production, 196:42-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.242.
Emamjomeh, M., y Muttucumaru. S. (2009). Denitrification Using a Monopolar Electrocoagulation/Flotation (ECF) Process. Journal of Environmental Management. 91(2):516-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.020.
Lee, S. y Graham A. (2014). Review of the Factors Relevant to the Design and Operation of an Electrocoagulation System for Wastewater Treatment. Environmental Reviews, 22(4):421-30.
Barrera, C., Hernández, P. y Bilyeu, B. (2018). Electrocoagulation: Fundamentals and Prospectives. Electrochemical Water and Wastewater Treatment. 61-76
Hernández, E. (2015). Remoción de Compuestos Fenólicos de Aguas Residuales de La Refinación Del Petróleo Mediante Electrocoagulación, Fenton y Foto-Fenton.s. Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Maestría en ciencias con orientación en química analítica ambiental.
International programme on chemical safety phenol. (2020) Recuperado de http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc161.htm.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. 2003 Phenol (EHC 161, 1994). Recuperado de http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc161.htm.
Ministerio de Ambiente. (2003). Fenol. Recuperado de http://documentacion.ideam.gov.co/openbiblio/bvirtual/018903/Links/Guia14.pdf
Ingrassia, V. (2015). ¿Qué efectos tiene el cianuro en el cuerpo humano? - LA NACION. Recuperado de https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/que-efectos-tiene-el-cianuro-en-el-cuerpo-humano-nid1828468/
Fajardo, A., Rodrigues, R., Martins, R., Castro, L. y Quinta, R. (2015). Phenolic Wastewaters Treatment by Electrocoagulation Process Using Zn Anode. Chemical Engineering Journal 275:331-41. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.03.116.
Bazrafshan, E., H. Biglari, y Mahvi, A. (2012). PHENOL REMOVAL BY ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 21(2):364-71.
Hernández, F., Peral, E. y Blanco, L. (2017). Removal of Phenolic Compounds from Oil Refinery Wastewater by Electrocoagulation and Fenton/Photo-Fenton Processes. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 19:96-100. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.07.010.
Ogando, F., Iwagaki, B., Aguiar, C., Napolitano, J., Heredia, F., y Hernanz, D. (2019). Removal of Phenolic, Turbidity and Color in Sugarcane Juice by Electrocoagulation as a Sulfur-Free Process. Food Research International, 122:643-52. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.039.
Zazouli, M. y Taghavi, M. (2012). Phenol Removal From Aqueous Solutions by Electrocoagulation Technology Using Iron Electrodes: Effect of Some Variables. doi: 10.13140/2.1.1837.6967
Zazouli, M., Taghavi, M. y Bazrafshan, E. (2012). Influences of Solution Chemistry on Phenol Removal From Aqueous Environments by Electrocoagulation Process Using Aluminum Electrodes | Health Scope | Full Text. doi: 10.5812/jhs.5462
Paz, O. (2013). Efectividad de Un Sistema Acoplado Electrocoagulación/Floculación Biológico Para Tratamiento de Fenoles Presentes En Vinazas Recuperado de https://1library.co/document/z1ddg8ez-efectividad-acoplado-electrocoagulacion-floculacion-biologico-tratamiento-presentes-electronico.html
Ashtoukhy, E., Taweel, Abdelwahab, O., Nassef, E. (2013). Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater Containing Phenolic Compounds by Electrocoagulation Using a Fixed Bed Electrochemical Reactor. Electrochem. 8:17.
Kulkarni, J., y Kaware. P. (2013). Review on Research for Removal of Phenol from Wastewater. 3(4):5.
Vasudevan, S. (2014). An Efficient Removal of Phenol from Water by Peroxi-Electrocoagulation Processes. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 2:53-57. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.05.002.
Moussa, D., Muftah, H., Nasser, M. y Al, M. (2017). A Comprehensive Review of Electrocoagulation for Water Treatment: Potentials and Challenges. Journal of Environmental Management, 186:24-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.032.
Chen, G. (2004). Electrochemical Technologies in Wastewater Treatment. Separation and Purification Technology. 38(1):11-41. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2003.10.006.
Kobya, Mehmet, Prof. Erhan Demirbas, Mahmut Bayramoğlu, y M. Sensoy. (2011). Optimization of Electrocoagulation Process for the Treatment of Metal Cutting Wastewaters with Response Surface Methodology. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 215:399-410. doi: 10.1007/s11270-010-0486-x.
Dimoglo, A., Sevim, P., Dinç, O., Gökmen, K. y Erdoğan, H. (2019). Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation as a Combined Process for the Laundry Wastewater Purification and Reuse. Journal of Water Process Engineering 31:100877. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100877.
Peña, F. (2016). ELECTROCOAGULACIÓN DE SELENIO DESDE AGUAS RESIDUALES. Recuperado de https://repositorio.usm.cl/bitstream/handle/11673/23220/3560900232327UTFSM.pdf?sequence=1yisAllowed=y
Lu, J., Yan L., Mengxua, Y., Xiaoyun, M., y Shengling, L. (2015). Removing Heavy Metal Ions with Continuous Aluminum Electrocoagulation: A Study on Back Mixing and Utilization Rate of Electro-Generated Al Ions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 267:86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.01.011.
Lakshmi, J., Sozhan, G. y Vasudevan, S. (2013). Recovery of Hydrogen and Removal of Nitrate from Water by Electrocoagulation Process. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20(4):2184-92. doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1028-4.
Devlin, R., Kowalski, M. Pagaduan, E., Zhang, X., Wei, V. y Jan A. Oleszkiewicz. (2019). Electrocoagulation of Wastewater Using Aluminum, Iron, and Magnesium Electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials 368:862-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.10.017.
Pearse, M. (2003). Historical Use and Future Development of Chemicals for Solid–Liquid Separation in the Mineral Processing Industry. Minerals Engineering, 16(2):103-8. doi: 10.1016/S0892-6875(02)00288-1.
Malakootian, M., Yousefi, N. y Fatehizadeh. A. (2011). Survey Efficiency of Electrocoagulation on Nitrate Removal from Aqueous Solution. International Journal of Environmental Science y Technology, 8(1):107-14. doi: 10.1007/BF03326200.
Tabash, T. (2013). Nitrate removal from groundwater using continuous flow electrocoagulation reactor. (Tesis de maestría). Master of Science in Infrastructure Management-Civil Engineering.
Yavuz, Y. y Ögütveren, U. (2018). Treatment of Industrial Estate Wastewater by the Application of Electrocoagulation Process Using Iron Electrodes. Journal of Environmental Management, 207:151-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.034.
Zerbatto, M. (2013). Coagulación optimizada en el tratamiento de potabilización de agua: su efecto sobre la remoción de enteroparásitosCampoy, T.J. y Pantoja, A. (2005). Hacia una expresión de diferentes culturas en el aula: percepciones sobre la educación multicultural. Revista de Educación, 336, 415 – 136.